Anti-Glutamic acid Decarboxylase Autoantibody as Biomarker for Diagnosis of Type 1DM Patients in Iraq Hassan Fuad Ghazi, Al-Imari Mustafa Jawad Abed* Medical Microbiology, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Iraq *Corresponding Author: Fuad Ghazi Hassan, Email: Alhamdanifuad@yahoo.com
Online published on 8 March, 2019. Abstract Background Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), also known as autoimmune diabetes, is a chronic disease characterized by insulin deficiency due to pancreatic β-cell loss and leads to hyperglycaemia. The T cell-mediated destruction of β-cells is-targeting insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), insulinoma-associated protein 2 and zinc transporter. The GAD biomarker of T1DM is found months to years before symptoms onset and can be used to identify and study individuals who are at risk for developing T1DM. Objective To evaluate the role of GAD in diagnosis of T1DM and to compare the new diagnostic marker, anti-GAD, associations with future disease activity and compared to type 2 DM. Material and Method This study involved fifty six (56) blood and serum samples from patients suffering from T1DM, (12) patients with type 2DM and (12) healthy individuals as controls. The average disease duration was 6.5±0.5 years (1-15years). Anti-GAD antibody assayed as biomarker parameter for all subjects. Anti-GAD as it was tested by Chorus device (ELISA automated device) as semi quantitative determination. All clinical features were investigated by questionnaire interviews. Data were presented as frequencies and percentages. Results Male patients with T1DM appeared to be more affected than women. The results also showed elevated levels of anti-GAD in 51.8% of T1DM. In a random sample of (12) non-diabetic individuals, none had anti-GAD. The sensitivity of the anti-GAD test for T1DM was 82.2% and the specificity was 93%. Conclusion Prevalence of Anti-GAD is associated with age. Patients with Type 1DM (Children and adolescents) had increased prevalence of Anti-GAD antibodies. The positivity of anti-GAD antibodies was higher in children and adolescents and less frequent in adult patients involved in this study. So it could be a useful serological assay in establishing the diagnosis of type 1DM and prediction of very high risk for development of T1DM. Top Keywords Anti-GAD, T1DM, Chorus, ELISA, β-cells, ABO blood groups. Top |