The Energy-supply Crunch Our Planet faces a whole range of global disasters at once: energy related, ecological and thermal. The use of energy sources based on the principles of combustion of chemical and nuclear fuel leads to extremely negative results: the burning of valuable chemical substances, pollution and the raising of environmental temperature. Moreover, the amount of hydrocarbon fuel is drastically diminishing. The fuel combustion and environmental pollution will, in turn, result in the increase in the scale and violence of thermal, atmospheric and oceanic processes. It is expected that this trend will intensify with each coming year. |
There is currently a major focus on the development of traditional renewable energy sources: wind-energy plants, flowing rivers (gravity-driven hydro-electric), large solar generating stations, sea waves or tidal energy etc. Tens of billions of dollars are being spent on these projects. Some believe that such traditional renewable energy sources will satisfy the global energy demands. But this is an exceedingly grave and dangerous mistake. At best traditional renewable energy sources will meet no more than 2–15 per cent of the planetary energy demands. The cost of energy produced by these renewable sources will be very high. Further, they all depend on consistency in the occurrence of winds, waves and other natural forces which are by nature erratic, and on the intensity of the sun's energy which ebbs and flows in daily and seasonal cycles. |
Neither hydrogen energy, nor mining mineral energy sources from asteroids or other planets would be able to prevent catastrophic failure of the world energy supply. |
Neither hydrogen energy, nor mining mineral energy sources from asteroids or other planets would be able to prevent the catastrophic failure of the world energy supply. The difficulty and distances involved in obtaining conventional fuels would cause a sharp rise in the energy cost and, moreover, their use would continue to increase the temperature on Earth. |
Taking into account the existing situation, it is urgent to reconsider the basic strategy for solving the global energy problem. It is necessary to stop disseminating misinformation claiming that all problems will be successfully solved in the near future. This could prove disastrous for our civilisation. To ensure humanity's future, new concepts must be ecologically pure, low-cost, constantly accessible and independent of the inconsistent wind, sea waves and sunshine supplies. |
Top Low-potential energy of the environment One strategic solution could be the extraction of low-potential energy from the environment. |
The environment can be sub-divided into macrocosm (bodies and processes in forms visible to humans including planets and galaxies) and microcosm (bodies and processes occurring below our visual perceptive ability at molecular, atomic and even sub-atomic levels). |
Our environment is permeated by a wide range of energies whose potential (temperature, pressure, the electromagnetic field levels etc.) is higher than that of consumer devices (our household and industrial devices consuming outside energy). We will call this kind of energy a high-potential energy. There also exists a kind of energy whose potential is lower than that of the corresponding consumer devices. This energy is called low-potential. |
New concepts must be ecologically pure, low-cost, constantly accessible and independent of the inconsistent wind, sea waves and sunshine supplies. |
Each kind of energy and matter has its lower limits when the absence of this energy or matter can be ascertained, such as the absence of gas in a given space. |
Only for a given studied kind of matter or energy can we accept the notion of physical vacuum and the absence of energy as a zero reference point (absolute zero). |
Here one can use the notion of physical vacuum, but solely in relation to the gas. Absolute zero temperature is the complete absence of thermal energy. However, matter has a limitless number of structures at the level of micro and macrocosm. Thus, when observing a physical vacuum for a given kind of matter and energy, one should not assume that this space is an absolute vacuum devoid of all other substance or energy. There could be other types present that are not identified or studied. Only for a given studied kind of matter or energy can we accept the notion of physical vacuum and the absence of energy as a zero reference point (absolute zero). |
Low-potential energy has energy potential lower than that of consumer devices, but far higher in relation to the absolute zero of the given kind of energy. That is why the low-potential environment contains energy that can be used by consumers. Low-potential energy permeates our environment in the form of various energies and is both uniformly and non-uniformly dissipated in space. Its source may be energy drawn from the micro or macrocosm, notably thermal solar energy. |
In our environment various processes involving both high and low potential energy exist. |
High-potential processes (high temperature or pressure in fuel combustion, wind and river-levels gradient etc.) have proved to be easily accessible for power generation. The explosive power of nuclear and thermonuclear reactions is the culminating point of high-potential energy. |
So far, in comparison with high-potential energy, little attention has been paid to low-potential processes. Yet this low-potential environment possesses inexhaustible energy supplies at the following levels: |
macrocosm: thermal potential (atmospheric and water column pressure), electromagnetic, gravitational energy etc. microcosm: molecular and sub-atomic linkage energy, as well as the energy of other links of matter microstructure.
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Both the micro and macrocosm possess inexhaustible energy supplies. Solely due to low-potential heat energy, huge amounts of water evaporate, move, condense and fall as rain, rivers flow and hydro-electric plants operate. |
It should be noted that in contrast to high-potential energy, the physics of low-energy extraction is still poorly explored for the following reasons: |
for a long time the world community has accessed apparent and simpler methods of energy generation—the high-potential energy sources; there exists a wide range of low-potential energy sources, as well as possible methods of its extraction; the physics of low-potential energy extraction is almost transcendentally complicated and in some cases modern science cannot explain a number of effects; general principles of low-potential energy extraction have not been developed enough; up to now, poorly-qualified people have been trying to develop devices and carry out research in this field; their claims to achieving perpetuum mobile tend to discredit, by association, the efforts of scientific research toward extracting energy from low-potential sources.
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Top General principles of A low-energy source operation All forms of movement in a local domain of any kind of energy are always related to energy exchange with the environment, but the inter-relationships among them are transcendentally complex. Therefore, from time immemorial, science teachers have been simplifying their explanations for physical phenomena in theoretical and mathematical models. From grade school to universities, our education system leads us to study physical phenomena in isolation from their environment. Thus, we have not been trained to conceptualise the outer world as a unified, coherent movement system. However, this is precisely what we have to begin doing. |
The ratio of energy input to energy extracted depends on the kinds of energy involved in the process, forms of movement in a local domain and optimality of the energy extraction processes. |
In principle, any movement initiates an energy exchange with the environment. Triggered by a human action in a local domain, the level of energy extraction from the environment is highly variable. Extracted energy may vary from negligibly small parts of external energy (i.e. the energy we feed into a local domain to initiate movement) to amounts bigger by a million times. The ratio of energy input to energy extracted depends on many factors: the kinds of energy involved in the process; forms of movement in a local domain; and most of all, optimality of the energy extraction processes. Forms of movement include: streamline, wave, vortex and cavitation motion. |
Principles Of Renewable Low-Potential Transfer On the basis of this approach, energy-boosting devices or independent energy sources can be developed. General principles of energy transfer from a low-potential to high-potential environment are as follows: Energy extraction The formation of a space (potential-energy well) with a potential lower than that of the environment. (See Fig. 2, and the extractor in Figure 3). Otherwise energy transfer from the environment cannot occur. The potential of corresponding energy (temperature, electromagnetic field level etc.) should be lower than that of a low-potential environment.
Energy characteristics transformation The physics of low-potential energy extraction is almost transcendentally complicated and in some cases modern science cannot explain a number of effects. |
Being lower in relation to the consumer potential than that of the environment itself, extracted energy could not be transferred to the consumer directly. In order to reach a level higher than that of the consumer devices, physical characteristics of extracted energy must be transformed from the low to the high level.The transformation of energy characteristics may occur both within one kind of energy and while converting it into another kind. The following kinds of energy are usable by consumers:
thermal; mechanical; electric; fuel (e.g.: hydrogen)
An energy-characteristics transformer should produce energy with a potential higher than what is needed by the consumer. In the development of a mechanism for transforming energy characteristics, the law of energy conservation shall apply. Energy transmission to the consumer Obtained high-potential energy is brought to the consumer by means of a transmitting transformer as is done when using known high-potential energy sources. Principles Of Low-Potential Transfer Devices To observe the above-mentioned energy transfer principles, a device should meet the following requirements:
The extractor: The extractor type depends on the kind of low-potential energy available and the way in which the energy-concentrating space is to be formed. The working medium: Energy extraction from the environment, its transformation, and its transfer to the consumer are provided by a working medium which may be of any nature: gas, liquid, solid bodies, electromagnetic or any other fields. (See Figure 3) While transforming energy the working medium may move or remain stationary while collecting and conducting the extracted energy. In a transformer it may be composed of one or several substances. The conditions of forming, within the working medium, zones with lower potential than that of the environment, and of transforming the extracted energy characteristics for the purpose of raising energy potential higher than that of the consumer may be provided in a variety of ways including: oscillation, wave and vortex movement of any physical nature, phase transformations, chemical reactions, and discontinuities (for example, cavitation). For the provision of the required modes in all the elements of an energy transformer as described in points 1 to 3, a power-supply unit with the characteristics of the working medium is required. (See Figure 3 for visual representation of points 4 to 7.) To sustain this process within an energy transformer a special control unit is required. For an energy transformer an external-energy-input source is necessary. For a permanent energy-extraction process, previously-untapped regions or areas of the external environment are required. For small-capacity energy transformers, a natural (convection or diffusion) supply of substance from the environment would suffice. For high-capacity transformers a special pump would be required.
The above-mentioned low-potential energy extraction principles are universal and adaptable to any kind of energy: thermal, atmospheric pressure, gravitational, electromagnetic and other less known or unknown physical fields or energies. Top Three known low-potential methods Today at least three ways of energy extraction from the low-potential environment are known. |
The First Low-Potential Way Small particles have characteristics relevant to energy-potential levels and distribution. For example, temperature is a function of the average speed of molecular movement. Some molecules always have lower or higher speeds of movement. If high-speed molecules are concentrated in a specific space, a high temperature would occur in that zone. In the remaining space where the lower-speed molecules would be left, the temperature would be lower. This hypothetical effect has long been known as the ‘Maxwell demons’ (Figure 1). Although first results have already been obtained using special membranes in energy-extraction energy, in our research we focus on other methods of obtaining energy from the low-potential environment. The Second Low-Potential Way Through the conversion of energy characteristics, extracted energy is transformed into energy with higher potential than that of the consumer devices (Figure 2). The Third Low-Potential Way An adaptation of the second way, the third way is to form a space the potential of which is still lower than that of the low-potential environment (potential well). In this case energy moves not from the transformer (an ‘explosive’ direction) but into the transformer from the outside (an ‘implosive’ direction, as in Victor Schauberger's definition). Energy extracted in this way cannot be received directly because its potential is extremely low in comparison to the consumer's need for energy in a usable form. A transformer (a motor) is installed as an intermediary to enable energy transfer, thus converting part of the extracted energy into work. For instance, temperature gradient can make a motor operate, thus producing mechanical energy in the form of shaft rotation. If a generator is connected to the shaft the mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy. The consumer is thus provided with mechanical or electric energy instead of thermal. If necessary, this energy can be transformed back into heat. Because the energy level is so low in potential this method cannot directly provide the consumer with heat energy. Nevertheless, this is not a serious drawback. This way of extracting energy from cold bodies has been shown by Victor Kushin. In common heat engines the efficiency is less than 100 per cent due to the loss of heat energy in the process of transfer from a hot to a cold body, and via the parts in rubbing contact. In implosion-type engines heat losses cannot occur even theoretically as the environment temperature would be higher than that of the engine's working medium. That is why, other factors being equal, implosion-type engines should have higher efficiency than conventional heat engines. To extract any kind of low-potential environmental energy it is advisable to form a zone with even lower potential and to install an engine as the medium to enable the energy transfer. |
Similar transformers can be developed to utilise other kinds of low-potential or even high-potential environment energy. To extract any kind of low-potential environmental energy it is advisable to form a zone with even lower potential (potential well) and to install an engine as the medium to enable the energy transfer.According to the third method, energy extraction can occur with the use of both enhancers and independent energy sources. It should be noted that in this case energy extracted is necessarily transformed into another kind. It can be expected that the amplification gain factor and efficiency would be higher than by using the second method. The amplification coefficient depends on the following factors:
on specific energy cost of energy extraction per unit of volume (or unit of mass) of low-potential environment; on the speed of low-potential energy supply to the extractor which can be realised in various ways:
the environment itself is a low-potential energy carrier. In this case it is necessary to run it through the extractor with the help of a pump or the extractor should move in the environment ingesting its mass and energy; a diffusion method of energy transfer; waves transferring low-potential energy. In this case the extractor should be equipped with a corresponding wave receiver performing the function of a pump; on the level of extraction of low-potential energy being passed through the extractor;
if the extractor is not equipped with all the necessary elements (Figure 2) or if their order of interaction is disrupted, extraction would not occur.
Extraction would not be possible if A characteristics transformer is absent. At the initial stage energy would be transferred from a low-potential medium to a potential energy well. After it is filled its potential would match that of the environment and the process would come to an end. A potential well is absent. There is no transmitting element. After the energy accumulates in an energy well the extraction process would stop as there is no pump. The extractor does not have material to transform and transfer the energy to the consumer. There is no external energy source to supply energy to the extractor elements. In the case of an independent energy source energy is needed for the initial actuation of the extractor; afterwards a part of the extracted energy will be used as external energy. There is no system controlling the extractor units or characteristics; or the operation algorithm is not adequate for normal running of the extractor. The above-mentioned general principles for development of new low-potential energy sources will, by clarifying the requirements for the energy transformer configuration and how its elements function, assist researchers and inventors.
As Figure 2 shows, for the operation in the enhancer mode or in the independent energy source mode (the second and the third ways), the following requirements should be met:
to extract low-potential energy with the use of a potential well; to transform extracted energy characteristics up to high potential (the second way) or into the form acceptable for an engine operation; to transmit generated energy to the consumer.
Top Extraction of heat energy from the environment A small part of this energy is sufficient to make water in all the rivers flow and tornadoes and hurricanes rage. |
The amount of low-potential thermal energy and the energy of atmosphere and water column pressure in the environment is immense. A small part of this energy is sufficient to make water in all the rivers flow and tornadoes and hurricanes rage. The extraction of a minor part is enough to satisfy all the energy demands of humanity both now and in the future. This energy extraction entails neither pollution nor raising the planet's temperature. |
A heat pump extracts low-potential energy from the environment and transfers it to the consumer (See Figure 2). With a compressor and other devices the heat pump's receiving transducer creates physical conditions for the working medium (halocarbon or freon) to evaporate inside it. Then a compressor sends this working medium to a transmitting transformer (a heater) where the working medium condenses, causing molecular-friction heat which is transmitted to the consumer. |
To initiate this process the receiving transformer must have a starting temperature lower than the surrounding environment. The transmitting transformer must then reach a temperature higher than the consumer. To sustain this process, energy from an external source (electrical power supply network) is needed. The consumer benefits are as follows: he pays only for electrical energy and receives heat energy equal to the sum of the electrical power supplied by the grid added to the thermal energy coming from the environment. This occurs even on days when that environment is perceptibly colder than the interior space being heated. |
Top Low-Potential Cost-Saving Energy Devices Heat energy from the environment is totally free and can by far exceed the amount of electrical energy required to sustain the process. Over 12 million such devices have already been made. The heat pump is so named due to its configuration and because it enhances energy from the electrical grid. The energy increase coefficient amounts to between 2 and 4 times that which is input from the grid. Thus, the consumer pays between 2 and 4 times less for the received heat energy than he would pay for electrical energy directly transformed into heat energy. |
In recent decades researchers have found that zones of low and high temperature form in highly-intensive acoustic waves. As in a heat pump, temperature transfer between these zones is highly possible. These acoustic devices have been named thermo-acoustic heat pumps. |
The most important part of a heat-energy enhancer is a device for the formation of a ‘thermal well’. In the case of low-potential environmental energy, various ways of forming a thermal well are already known and may include: motion of fluid or gas, acoustical waves, cavitations, evaporation of fluids, chemical processes, gravity force and centrifugal force. |
Heat energy transfer from the environment can occur in the following ways:
diffusion; convection related to matter transfer; radiating; thermal waves. For low-potential heat sources the convection method of heat transfer has proved to be the most effective. |
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For low-potential heat sources the convection method of heat transfer has proved to be the most effective as in the natural or artificial transfer of energy from air, river or sea water or other fluids. |
Top Extraction Of Environmental-Pressure Potential Energy The pressure of atmosphere or water columns is related to gravitational forces. In certain physical conditions (See Figure 2) and with a specific device configuration (See Figure 3) the extraction of low-potential pressure energy becomes possible. Some ways of forming a ‘pressure well’ for extracting potential energy from the atmosphere and water-column pressure include—in addition to the ones used for thermal wells— electrostriction, gravity force and centrifugal force. |
Potential energy is transferred at the speed of sound in an environment. This factor is the qualitative difference between the sources of pressure energy and those of thermal energy requiring mass transfer of environmental energy. Theoretical calculations have demonstrated that the energy increase coefficient in the case of the extraction of pressure potential energy may amount to 140 times the energy input to start the movement into the ‘well’. |
Top Vortex Energy Tornadoes, hurricanes and some other physical phenomena are born as large-scale and relatively low-power rotation movements occurring in the atmosphere in the context of a specific waves combination. Then, in certain conditions, this rotational movement extracts low-potential energy heat or atmospheric pressure energy from the environment. This rotational (vortex) motion brings powerful hurricanes and tornadoes into being using the energy to transport huge quantities of water, or kinetically move or smash large objects. Therefore, the same principle will show the best way of bringing these low-potential energies under man's control. |
In known devices, efficiency is low because vortices are produced using rotating physical bodies. Mechanically rotating a structure such as a Ranke tube or compressor creates a counteracting aero or hydro-dynamic drag reducing the percentage of energy which can be transferred. |
The consumer pays only for electrical energy and receives heat energy equal to the sum of the electrical power supplied by the grid added to the thermal energy coming from the environment. |
It is feasible to harness the temperature drop which is known to occur in the vortex of a cyclone as well as in a Ranke tube. By conducting the environmental air (or water) through this cold zone we could obtain a yield of thermal energy from a further drop in temperature, as the air (or water) would be cooled even more (See Figure 4). |
Swirled around inside a vortex the molecules of water or gas transmit energy from the environment to a region of lower temperature than the consumer device which can thereby collect the energy difference. |
We have developed a simulating device using a special form of oscillations to create an exceedingly intensive vortex with only minor energy input. Without the drag factor oscillatory vortices operate more efficiently and cheaply than mechanical ones. Each type of physical field would require a device with specific elements to form the right vortex configuration. |
In the not-too-distant future such vortex-oscillation pumps could become independent, i.e. operating without any electrical input. These could provide users with inexpensive and reliable electric and thermal energy. |
These heat pumps use the principle of an oscillating vortex without any compressors, halocarbons, blades or discs. In the not-too-distant future such vortex-oscillation pumps could become independent, i.e. operating without any electrical input. These could provide users with inexpensive and reliable electric and thermal energy. It should be stressed that our research is backed by classical fundamental physics, and that it continues to build upon the foundations laid by the discoveries and inventions of Constantine Tziolkovskiy, Nicola Tesla, Victor Schauberger, Professor Alexander Predvoditelev, the Nobel Prize winner Ilya Prigogine, and many others. |
Top Analysis Humanity should be researching new types of energy enhancers and self-contained generators to make use of the low-potential energy of various natural forces and phenomena. Existing heat pumps are equipped with compressors, harmful liquids and many other components. It is urgent to develop an alternate, more effective energy enhancer without harmful contents or structures. One promising possibility lies in using the energy-enhancing functions of a vortex with a special structure formulated for each of the specific tasks. Specific vortices can perform an energy enhancing function for each type of physical field. |
Low-potential environmental energy enhancers open to researchers a new approach for exploring a great many challenges and achieving extraordinary effects. Conceptual barriers—such as the anathema of perpetuum mobile and the idea that a Coefficient of Performance exceeding 1 must be impossible—may eventually be broken. Though long believed insurmountable, the ‘sound barrier’ was broken in the past. |
Due to various natural processes local areas may be formed with different energy potentials from the surrounding environment. For instance, the temperature on the surface of an evaporating liquid is lower than its surroundings and environmental energy is transferred into this zone. If in conjunction with this process some movement were to be introduced, for example, a vortex or wave capable of altering (raising) the existing energy potential, an enhancer would be created to yield increased energy. |
Such vortex mechanisms are observed when a tornado is forming. In general, similar mechanisms may bring to life transfers of various kinds of energy, including those that are not yet known to us. In nature when the usually weak or undetectable forces become concentrated, we may then see the available power manifested dramatically as a fireball or other unexplained light phenomenon in the atmosphere. |
Due to the lack of a control unit and due to the weak and short-term physical conditions of self-organisation, these phenomena are rare and shortlived. Creating this control unit would, by converting them into electricity, bring these forces into our hands for heating, lighting, or doing mechanical work. |
The consumer pays between 2 and 4 times less for the received heat energy than he would pay for electrical energy directly transformed into heat energy. |
At the microcosmic level interactions of enhancers with the low-potential fields are rather difficult to define. Transducers even appear to extract energy from ‘the void’, or from ‘the vacuum’ because the source of the energy is not understood. The development of such transformers is an exceedingly complicated and subtle process of tapping into low-potential fields. The necessary, but not sufficient, criterion is a special structure for an enhancer, shown in Figure 3, and to which must be added the physical processes shown in Figure 2. |
Without a clear understanding of the enhancer configuration and of the general principles of the synthesis of physical processes, all the efforts to develop alternative energy sources may fail. Our research is an attempt to clarify the methodology for developing techniques and sources to enable us to capture the elusive low-potential energy from the environment. In the process of random selection of modes and elements extraction of energy could occur in some devices. Since this effect might be due to a random combination of characteristics, a researcher (this author included) may not be able to show successful results. Caution, careful analysis and working to achieve replication are vital to scientific work. |
Top Conclusion In order to meet the challenge and make up for the absence of commitment hitherto, we all need to grasp that despite all the activities being carried out in hundreds of research laboratories and discussed at innumerable conferences, there has been a distinct lack of appealing prospects with regard to the energy problem. It is only by finding new types of renewable energy sources, able to extract energy from the environment without any combustion processes and heat generation that we would be able to save our Planet. |
An Urgent Call For Action Humanity has no more than 15 years left, after which it may be too late to save the Earth. Thus, it is vital to develop an urgent plan which should be subdivided into the following three-year stages:
Stage 1—in the first three years conduct all necessary research to develop first operating models of vortex-oscillation heat pumps and the new types of renewable energy sources (1–5 kW) and launch their serial production; Stage 2—develop independent energy sources (1–5 kW) producing both electrical and thermal energy; Stage 3—launch large-scale serial production of independent energy sources (1–5 kW) and initiate the development of more powerful independent energy sources (50–100 kW and 10–500 MW); Stage 4—continue research work and launch large-scale serial production of independent energy sources (500–100 kW and 10–500 MW); Stage 5—continue the programme of providing the world with new energy sources.
It is vital to concentrate all our efforts on the search for these new types of renewable energy. The high complexity of physical processes governing energy extraction from the environment through the use of the vortex movement and the wide range of techniques and devices allowing for this extraction require a concerted endeavour by highly qualified scientists and engineers. Recent experience in the field of computers and software has revealed that rapid implementation of similar projects on a global scale is possible for our civilisation. Considering that energy is the most urgent problem, I call upon the UNO, UNESCO, governments, public organisations and funds, businessmen, scientists and all the people in general to regard its solution as the key to their and their children's salvation. Top Figures | Figure 1: The modes of energy extraction from environment
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| | Figure 2: Schematic representation of energy transfer from a low-potential zone to a high-potential zone.
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| | Figure 3: The configuration of an external energy source is removed and energy is supplied from the consumer—shown by dotted lines).
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| | Figure 4: Low-Potential air particles move into a vortex. As they spin to its outer layers the temperature of air particles rises sharply exceeding that of the consumer device. This enables thermal energy transfter to the consumer.
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